Class 12 NCERT Geography part 2 Chapter -2

                Migration 

 Types , Causes and consequences 

Migration 

• Migration were recorded beginning from the first census of India conducted in 1881.This data were recorded on the basis of place of birth .
• The first major modification was introduced in 1961 census by bringing in two additional components viz; place of birth and duration of residence .
• In 1971, additional information on place of last residence and duration of stay at the place of last residence and duration stay at the place of enumeration were incorporated .
• Reason for migration wee incorporated in 1981 census and modified in consecutive censuses .
• In addition , reason for migration from the place of last residence and duration of residence in place of enumeration are also asked .

In the census of India migration is enumerated on two base ;

1. Place of birth .
2. Place of residence 

Streams of migration 

• A few facts pertaining to the internal migration and international migration are presented here.

Under the internal migration , four streams are identified :

1. rural to rural 
2. rural to urban 
3. urban to urban 
4. urban to rural

• In India , during 2001 , out of 315 million migrants, enumerated on the basis of the last residence , 98 million had changed their place of residence in the last ten years.
• 81 million were intra- state migrants .
• The stream was dominated by female migrants .
• The distribution of male and female migrants in different streams of intra - state and inter-state migration .
• Contrary to this , men predominate the rural to urban stream of inter-state migration due to economic reasons .
• India also experiences immigration from and emigration to the neighbouring countries .
• Census 2001 has recorded that more than 5 million person have migrate to India from other countries .
• 96% came from the neighboring countries ; Bangladesh followed by Pakistan and Nepal .

Spatial Variation in Migration 

• Some states like Maharastra , Delhi ,Gujarat and Haryana attract migrants from other states such as Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , etc.
• Maharastra occupied first place in the list with 2.3 million net in migrants , followed by Delhi , Gujarat ,Harayana. 
• Intra-states migration constituted the large share in it .

Causes of migration 

• People , generally are emotional attached to their place of birth . But millions of people leave their place of birth and residence .
• There could be variety of reasons .
• These reasons can be put into two broad categories 

1. Push factor , these cause people to leave their place of residence or origin .
2. Pull factors , which attract the people from different places.

• In India people migrate from rural to urban areas mainly due to poverty , high population pressure on the land , lack of basic infrastructural facilities like health care , education, etc.
• Natural disasters such as , flood , drought , cyclonic storms , earthquake , tsunami , wars and local conflicts also given extra push to migrate .
• There are pull factors which attract people from rural areas to cities .
• The most important pull factor for majority of the rural migrants to urban areas is the better opportunities , availability of regular work and relatively higher wages .

Consequences of migration 

• Migration is a response to the uneven distribution of opportunities over space .
• People tend to move from place of low opportunity and low safety to the place of higher opportunity and better safety .
• Consequences can be observed in economic , social , cultural , political and demographic terms .

Economic Consequences 

• A major benefit for the source region is the remittance sent by migrants 
• Remittances from the intentional migrants are one of the major sources of foreign exchange .
• In 2002, India received USS 11 billion as remittances from international migrants.
• Punjab , Kerala and Tamil Nadu receive very significant amount from their international migrants 
• The amount of remittances sent by the internal migrants is very meager as compared to international role in the growth of economy of the source area .
• Remittance workers as life blood for their economy .
• Development of slums in industrially developed states such as Maharastra , Gujarat , Karnataka , Tamil Nadu and Delhi is a negative consequence of unregulated migration within the country .

Demographic Consequences 

• Migration leads to the redistribution of the population within a country .
• Rural urban migration is one of the important factors contributing to the population growth of cities.
• Age and skill selective out migration from the rural area have adverse effect on the rural demographic structure .

Social Consequences 

• Migrants act as agents of social change.
• Migration leads to intermixing of people from diverse cultures .
• It has positive contribution such as evolution of composite culture and breaking through the narrow considerations and widens up the mental horizon of the people at large .

Environmental consequences 

• This ultimately leads to unplanned growth of urban settlement and formation of slums shanty colonies 
• Due to over - exploitation of natural resources , cities are facing the acute problem of depletion of ground water , air pollution , disposal of sewage and management of solid wastes .

Others 

• Migration affects the status of women directly or indirectly .
• In the rural areas, male selective out migration leaving their wives behind puts extra physical as well mental pressure on the women .
• Migration of women either for education or employment enhances their autonomy and role in the economy but also increase their vulnerability .