Secondary Activities
Introduction
All economic activities can be classified into three sectors that is :
- Primary sector
- secondary sector
- tertiary sector
In secondary activities
These are those activities in which raw materials are converted into valuable products
- Manufacturing and construction activities are included .
Manufacturing
Involves a full array of production from handicrafts to molding iron and steel and stamping out plastic toys to assembling delicate computer component or space vehicles .
- Application of power
- Mass production of identical products
- Specialized labour in factory settings for the production of standardized commodities
Characteristics of modern large scale manufacturing
Modern large scale manufacturing has the following characteristics
Specialization of skills/ methods of production
- Under the' craft ' method factories produce only a few pieces which are made to order .
- So the costs of product are high .
Mechanization
- It refers to using gadgets which accomplish tasks .
- Automation is the advanced stage of mechanisation
Technological Innovation.
Technological innovations through research and development strategy are an important aspect of modern manufacturing for quality control , eliminating waste and in efficiency , and combating pollution .
Organisational structure and stratification
- A complex machine technology
- Extreme specialisation and division of labour for producing more goods with less effort, and low costs .
- Vast capital .
- Large organisations
- Executive bureaucracy
Access to market
- The existence of a market for manufactured goods is the most important factor in the location of industries
- Market means people who have a demand for these goods and also have the purchasing power to be able to purchase from the sellers at a place .
- The developed regions of Europe , North , America ,Japan , and Australia provide large global markets as the purchasing power of the people is very high .
Access to raw material
- Raw material used by industries should be cheap and easy to transport .
- Industry based on raw materials ,
- The industry to be located closer to the source of the raw material .
Access to labour supply
- Labour supply is an important factor in the location of industries
- Increasing mechanisation , automation and flexibility of industrial process have reduced the dependence of industry upon the labour
Access to sources of energy.
- Industries which use more power are located close to the source of energy supply such as the aluminum industry
- coal was the main source of energy, today hydroelectricity and petroleum are also important sources of energy for many industries .
Access to transportation and communication facilities
- Speedy and efficient transport facilities to carry raw materials to the factory and to move finished goods to the market are essential for the development of industrial units .
- The cost of transport plays an important role in the location of industrial units
Government policy .
- Government adopt 'regional policies ' to promote 'balanced' economic development and hence set up industries in particular areas.
Access to Agglomeration economics
- Many industries benefit from nearness to a leader industry and other industries .
- These factors operate together to determine industrial location
- Foot loose industries can be located in a wide variety of places .
- They are not dependent on any specific raw material , weight losing
- These are generally not polluting industries .
- They depend on component parts which can be obtained any where .
- Manufacturing industries are classified on
- The basis of their size
- Inputs or raw materials
- Output or products
- Ownership
Industries based on size
- The amount of capital invested , number of workers employed and volume of production determine the size of industry
Industries may be classified into house hold or cottage small and large scale
Household Industries
- It is also called cottage manufacturing
- It is the smallest manufacturing unit
- The artisans use local raw materials and simple tools to produce everyday goods in their homes with the help of their family members or part - time labour
- This type of manufacturing has low commercial significance and most of the tools are
- devised locally.
- Some common everyday products produce in this sector of manufacturing include food stuff, fabrics, mats , containers ,tools shoes etc.
Small scale manufacturing .
- It is distinguished from house hold industries by its production techniques and place of manufacture
- This type of manufacturing uses local raw material , simple power - driver machine and semi skilled labour
- It provides employment and raises local purchasing power
Large scale manufacturing
Large scale manufacturing involves a large market various raw materials enormous energy ,specialised
workers advanced technology , assembly line may production and large capital .
The world 's major industrial regions may be grouped under two broad types
- Traditional large -scale industrial regions which are thickly clustered in a few more developed countries .
- High technology large scale industrial regions which have diffused to less developed
Industries based on inputs /raw materials
- agro- based
- mineral based
- chemical based
- forest based
- animal based
A) Agro based industries
- Agro processing involves the processing of raw materials from the field and the farm into finished products for rural and urban markets.
- Major agro - processing industries are food processing , sugar , pickles , fruit juices, beverage etc.
B) Mineral based industries
- These industries use minerals as a raw material .
- Some industrial use ferrous metallic minerals which contain ferrous such as iron .
- Many industries use no metallic minerals such as cement and pottery industries .
C) Chemical based industries
- Such industries use natural chemical minerals .
- Chemical industries are also based on raw material obtained from wood and coal .
D) Forest based raw material using industries
- The forests provide many major and minor products which are used as raw material
- Timber for furniture industry , wood, bamboo and grass for paper industry
E)Animal based industries
- Leather for leather industry and wool for woolen textiles are obtained from animals.
Industries based on output / product .
- Machines and tools made of iron or steel .
- The raw material for such machines and tools is iron steel.
- Basic industries
- the consumer goods industries, produced good which are consumed by consumers directly
Industries based on ownership .
a) Public sector
- Public sector are owned and managed by governments
- In India , there were a number of public sector undertaking
b) Private sector
- Industries are owned by individual investor
- these are managed by private organisation
c) Joint sector
Industries are managed by join stock companies or sometimes the private and public sector together establish and manage the industries
Traditional large- scale industrial reginal .
- These are based on heavy industry.
- These industries are how known as smokestad
Traditional industrial regions can be recognized by:
- High density housing of ten of inferior type and poor services.
- High proportion of employment in manufacturing
Example:- Population waste heaps
- Problems of unemployment, emigration and derestrict land areas caused by closure of factories because of world wide fall in demand.
The Ruhr coal- field, Germany
This has been one of the major industrial regions of Europe
for a long time.
The Ruhr region is responsible for 80% of Germany's total steel production.
Change in the industrial structure have led to the decay of some areas, and there are problems of industrial waste and pollution.
The future prosperity of the Ruhr is based lesson the products of coal and steel.
Concept of high technology industry
- High technology or simply high technology is the latest generation of manufacturing activities
- Professional (white collar ) workers make up a large share of the total work force
- Application of research and development units .
- Highly skilled specialists (blue collar)also working .
- Computer aided design is used .
- Planned business parks for high technology industries
- Silicon valley in san Francisco and silicon forest near Seattle are technology poles
Iron and steel industry
- the iron and steel industry forms the base of all other industries
- It is called as basic industry because it provides raw material for other industries such as machine tools used for further production .
- It is also called a heavy industry .
Raw materials
- Coal
- Line stone
- Coke
- Iron ore
- Manganese
Features
- Located nearly raw material
- Located nearly integrated steel plants for scrap
Distribution
Most complex and capital intensive industry
a) North American USA
- North application region ;PITTISBURG
- Great take region : Chicago , Garry, Erie , Duluth
- Atlantic region sparrows point and Morrisville
- Birmingham , and Sheffield
- Germany: Duisburg, Dortmund Dusseld
- France :Creosote ,St.Ettienne
Cotton textile industry
- handloom provide more labour employment ,semi-skilled workers, small capital , spinning weaving and finishing of fabrics are important functions
- Power loom: machines are used ,less labour intensive , volume of production increase.
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