Class -11 NCERT political chapter -4 Executive

                     Executive  

What is a an executive?

• The word executive Mina body of person that looks after the implementation of rules and regulations in actual practice.
• In case of government also, when body made take policy decisions and decide about rules and regulations will the other one would be in charge of implementing those rules.
• Organ of government that primarily look after the function of implementation and administration is called the executive.
• Executive is the branch of government responsible for the implementation of laws and policies adopted by the legislature. 
• The executive is of often involved in farming of policy
• The official of the executive vary from country to country.
• The head of Government and their ministers,saddled the overall responsibility of government policy are together known as the political executive.
• Those responsible for day-to-day administration are called the permanent executive.

What are the different type of Executive?

• Every country may not have the same type of
• The power and functions of the President of the US are very different from the power of the president of India.
• The power of the queen of England are different from the power of the King of Bhutan.
• Both India and France have Prime Minister's but their roles are different from each other Police

The nature of Executive existing in some of these countries.

• The USA has a presidential system and executive power are in the hand of the president.
• Canada has a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy where Queen Elizabeth II is the former Chief of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government.
• The France , both the president and the Prime Minister are a part of the semi presidential.
• Japan has a parliamentary system with the emperor as the head of the state and the Prime Minister is the head of government.
• Italy has a parliamentary system with the president as the formal head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government.
• Germany has a parliamentary system in which president is the ceremonial head of state and the chancellor is the head of government.

In a President system

• The president is the head of state as well as the head of government
• In this system the office of president is very powerful both in theory and practice.
• Countries with such a system include the United States Brazil and most Nation in Latin America.

In a parliamentary system.

• The Prime Minister is the head of
• In such a system full comedy the role of president or monitor is primary ceremonial and Prime Minister along with the cabinet weilds effective power.
• Countries with touch system included Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom as well as Portugal .
• A semi presidential system has both a President and a Prime Minister but you like Unlike the parliamentary system the president main process significant day-to-day powers.
• Countries with such a system include trans coma Rasiya commerce Sri Lanka etc.

Parliamentary executive in India

• When the constitution of India was written, India already had some experience of running the parliamentary system under the act of 1919 and 1935.
• The makers of Indian constitution wanted to ensure that the government would be sensitive to public Expectations and would be responsible and accountable.
• The parliamentary executive was the presidential form of government.
• The presidential executive puts much emphasis on the president as the chief executive and as a source of all executive power.
• In the parliamentary form there are many reasons that ensured that the executive will be answerable to and controlled by the legislature for people's representation.
• The constitution of India vests  the executive power of the union formally in the president.
• The president  is elected for a period of 5 years.
• The president is elected indirectly. This means that the president is elected not by the ordinary citizen put by the elected MLA and MPs.
• The president has white raining executive legislative Judiciary and emergency powers

In a parliamentary system

• These powers are in reality used by the president only on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
• Prime Minister and The council of minister has support of the majority in the Lok Sabha and they are the real executive.

Discretionary power of the president

Parliament permanent executive The president has a right to be informed of all important matter and deliberation  of the Council of Ministers.

• The Prime Minister is obliged furnish all the information that the president may call for.
• The president often writes to the Prime Minister and expresses his views on matters confronting the country.
• In the first place, we have already noted that the president can send back the advice given by the Council of Ministers and asked the Council to reconsider the decision.
• Secondly the president also has veto power bi which can we each week and with hold or refuse to give assent to bills passed by the parliament 
• Every Bill passed by the Parliament goes to the president for this for his assent before it  become a law.
• The president can send the bill back to the Parliament asking it to be considered the bill.
• The veto power is limited because, if the Parliament passes the same bill again and send it back to the president, then the president has to give a sent to that bill.
• The third kind of discretion arises more out of political circumstances. formally the president appoints the Prime Minister.
• In the four parliamentary election held from 1989 to 1998 no single party or colocation attend a majority in the Lok Sabha.
• These situations demanded president inventions either in order to constitutive governments or to grant a request for dissolution of Lok Sabha by a prime minister who could not prove majority in the house.
• In a parliamentary system, The council of minister is depend on the support of the majority in the Legislature.
• The Council of Ministers is headed by the Prime Minister.
• In the parliamentary form of Executive it is essential that the prime minister has the support of the maturity in the Loksabha.
• The moment the support of the majority is lost the Prime Minister losses the office.
• The Prime Minister then it is decided who will the ministers in the Council of Ministers.
• The Prime Minister a lockets ranks and portfolios  to the ministers.
• Chief ministers of the state choose Minister from their own party or coalition.
• The Prime Minister and all the Minister have to be member of the Parliament.
• The most important feature of parliamentary executive is that the executive is routinely under the control and supervision of the Legislature.
• The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
• The principle indicates that the Minister is an executive committee of the Parliament and it collectively Governor on behalf of the Parliament.
• In India comedy Prime Minister enjoy a pre-eminent place in the government.
• The Council of Ministers cannot exist without the Prime Minister.
• The death or resignation of the Prime Minister automatically bring about The dissolution of the Council of Ministers but the damage dismissal for resignation of a Minister only creates a ministerial vacancy.
• The position of the Prime Minister and council of minister hasbeen an table whenever a single political party has secured majority in the Lok Sabha.
• In the first place, these development  have resulted in a growing and discretionary role the president in the section of the Prime Minister.
• Secondly, the nature of Indian political in this period has necessary it much more Consultation between  Political partner and leading to erosion of prime minister authority.
• Thirdly it has also brought restrictions on various free Rock getawayz of the Prime Minister like choosing the ministers and deciding their ranks and portfolios.
• Fourthly , even the police and programs of the government cannot be decided by the Prime Minister alone.

Permanent Executive : Bureaucracy 

• The executive organ of the government includes the Prime Minister, the ministers and a large organisation called the bureaucracy or the administrative machinery.
• In a democracy the elected representatives and the ministers are in charge of Government and the administration is under their control and supervise .
• In the parliamentary system, the legislature also exercises control over the administration.
• The administrative officers cannot act in violation of the policies adopted by the Legislature.
• India has established professional administrative machinery.
• The bureaucracyis also expected to be political neutral.
• The India bureaucracy  Today is an enormously Complex system.
• It consists of the all India service, state service employees of the local governments and Technical and managerial staff running public sector undertaking.

Classification of civil services

1. All India services:

• Indian Administrative Service
• Indian police service

2. Central services:

• Indian Foreign Service
• Indian revenue service

3. State services:

• Sales tax offices

Person selected by the UPSC for Indian Administrative Service and Indian Police Service constitutes the backbone of the higher-level bureaucracy in the states.